As the fiber optic market environment becomes more competitive, manufacturers have been expanding their product availability to not just large volume distributors and suppliers but your small businesses as well. You obviously want to target the larger businesses in order to make a substantial profit in one hit but if you have the resources to manucturer and design your own fiber optic products then why not offer them to the small fiber optic businesses. These sales will definitely add up. Plus, you never know what contacts can derive from doing business with smaller fiber optic companies. They could spread to the word to another company involved in a different industry or they could become successful, expand and become a larger, more dominant player in the fiber optic market.

Distributors that are also manufacturers have the advantage of offering product customization , and these companies have the ability to be more responsive regarding individual client needs with issues such as repair and calibration. As consolidation takes hold in the fiber optic industry, relationships between manufacturers, installation companies, and distributors also change. Partnerships between distributors and installers, where leads are exchanged and complex subcontracting relationships drive much of the installation work are becoming a common place. While distributors generally do not install, they will often bid on jobs and act as project manager, designing the cable network and farming out the installation work to selected installers – usually the ones that buy the most material. By the same token, installers often reciprocate and frequently find installation jobs and ensure that the distributor’s product is used..
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The typical construction of an circulator consists of a number of walk-off polarizers, half-wave plates and Faraday rotators. Typically an optical ciruclator has three or four ports.

A variety of circulators are available commercially. They have low insertion loss, high isolation over a wide wavelength range, minimal polarization dependent loss, and low polarization mode dispersion.

The typical insertion loss of an isolator is about 0.6dB, channel isolation is over 40dB, optical return loss is over 50dB and polarization dependent loss is lower than 0.1dB.
In advanced optical communication systems, circulators are used for bi-directional transmissions, WDM networks, fiber amplifier systems, and for optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) measurements.

Optical circulators are essential compoents of optical communication systems. They enable the routing of light from one optical fiber or waveguide to another based upon the direction of light propagation.

More information

Optical ciruculators extend the basic idea behind an optical isolator and add more functionality to the device. A circulator does not disgard the backward propagating light, as an isolator does, but directs it to another port, thus resulting in a three-port device in the simplest configuration. More ports can be added if one wants to redirect light coming from the third port to a fourth port. Even six ports circulators exist which direct light to different ports in a circular fashion depending on which port light enters.

You may guess that with the increasing of ports, the design becomes increasingly complex. You are absolutely correct on that guess. A second layer of complexity is added for polarization-independent circulators because they must split the incoming light from any port into its orthogonally polarized components and process each component separately.

In general, a circulator requires a large number of parts. The most important component in a polarization independent circulator is the beam displacer. Beam displacer is made from a strongly birefringent medium such that it displaces the orthogonally polarized components spatially by different amounts.

In spite of their complexity, optical circulators are available commercially in a relatively compact size with fiber pigtails on each end. Insertion losses are also very acceptable for such complex devices.

Optical circulators have found many applications in designing lightwave systems. A example could be a three-port circulator used with a fiber grating to realize a narrowband bandpass filter working in transmission. The circulator coverts the device into a transmission filter for all practical purposes..
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1. Polarization mode and polarization mode dispersion (PMD)

In single mode fibers, light pulses are actually composed of two distinct polarization modes. The electric field vector of the two modes are perpendicular to one another, or called orthogonal. Normally the two polarization modes behave just the same in the fiber which means they can not be distinguished.

But that is only the theory with a perfect symmetrical fiber and no outside force on the fiber. Since the world is not perfect and neither is the fiber, these two polarization modes do behave differently in real world fibers.

Stresses within the fiber, and outside forces applied to the fiber cause the refractive index of glass to differ slightly for these two polarization modes. This phenomenon is called birefringence.

Birefringence makes these two polarization modes travel at slightly different speed. This speed difference broadens lightwave signal just as other dispersions and this fact is called Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD).

2. PMD and its impact on single mode fiber optic systems

The potential effects of polarization mode dispersion became significant only a few years ago when high speed fiber optic digital communication systems came to play, such as the 40Gbit/s systems.

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is smaller in magnitude than other types of dispersions, but it is more difficult to compensate for, at least until now. PMD becomes a problem in systems with data rates higher than 2.5Gbit/s. PMD makes more challenge to sending higher data rates over long distance..
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Dispersion is the fact that light pulses spread out while they travel along a fiber. This fact occurs because the speed of light in the fiber depends on its wavelength (color of the light) and the propagation mode.

The light pulses in optical fibers are actually composed of a small range of wavelengths (colors). Practically, no light source can generate a pure single colored light. They always generate light in either narrow wavelength range (such as a semiconductor laser) or relative broad range (such as a LED).

Different wavelength of light travel in optical fibers at different speed. This means some light arrive at the receiver a bit later then others. This fact makes the received light pulses broader than at the transmitter side. This pulse broadening (spread out) is called dispersion.

Dispersion can also be caused by multimode transmission (different mode travels at different speed), the dependence of refractive index on wavelength, variations in waveguide (optical fiber) properties with wavelength, and transmission of two different polarizations of light (PMD) through single mode fibers.

:: Dispersion’s impact on bit rate in fiber optic digital communication system

Like power loss in a fiber optic link (attenuation), dispersion can limit the distance a lightwave signal can travel through an optical fiber. But different than attenuation, dispersion does not weaken a signal, it makes the signal blurry.

For example, if you send out a 1 millisecond width pulse but the pulse spreads to 10 milliseconds at the end of the fiber, then signals blur together in time that the signal becomes unintelligible.

The degree of signal blurry (signal overlap) at which pulse dispersion causes problems in digital systems depends on the design. But one rough guideline for estimating maximum bit rate is that the interval between pulses should be four times the dispersion (signal delay). It can be given as Maximum Bit Rate = 1/(4 x Dispersion).

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1. Simplex

Simplex fiber patch cable has one fiber and one connector on each end.

2. Duplex

Duplex fiber patch cable has two fibers and two connectors on each end. Each fiber is marked “A” or “B” or different colored connector boots are used to mark polarity.

3. Ribbon fan-out cable assembly

For ribbon fan-out cable assembly, one end is ribbon fiber with multi fibers and one ribbon fiber connector such as MTP connector (12 fibers), the other end is multi simplex fiber cables with connectors such as ST, SC, LC, etc.

Termination Types

1. Same connector types

This fiber patch cable has the same type of connector on both ends, such as ST, SC, LC, FC, etc.

2. Hybrid connector types

This fiber patch cable has different connectors on each end. One end can be SC and the other end can be LC, ST, FC, etc.

Connector Polishing Styles

Fiber optic connectors are designed and polished to different shapes to minimize back reflection. This is particularly important in single mode applications. Typical back reflection grades are -30dB, -40dB, -50dB and -60dB.

1. PC (Physical Contact)

Typical back reflection Fiber Cable Sizes

You can choose your fiber cable jacket size for your particular application.

1. 250um bare fiber

2. 900um tight buffer fiber

3. 1.6mm fiber cable

4. 2.0mm fiber cable

5. 3.0mm fiber cable

Popular fiber patch cables on the market

1. LC

2. ST

3. SC and SC/APC

4. FC and FC/APC

5. MTRJ

6. E2000

7. VF-45

Special Types

1. Polarization maintaining fiber patch cables

2. Mode conditioning fiber patch cables (also called mode conditioning patch cord, mode conditioning cables)

3. Pre-terminated pigtail

Cleaning methods

1. Reel connector cleaner

2. Isopropyl alcohol and lint-free wipes

3. Duster

4. Swab cleaner

Cautions for handling fiber optic cables

1. Bend radius:

2. Kink

3. Tie-wrap.
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Fiber patch cable is a cable terminated with optic connectors on both ends. It has two major application areas: computer work station to outlet and fiber optic patch panels or optical cross connect distribution center.

Common types

Fiber patch cables can be categorized to different groups based on optical fiber mode, fiber cable type, termination types, connector polishing styles and fiber cable sizes.

Optical Fiber Mode

1. Single mode

Single mode fiber patch cables use 9/125 micron bulk single mode cable and single mode connectors at both ends. Single mode fiber cable jacket color is usually yellow.

2. Multimode

Multimode fiber patch cables use 62.5/125 micron or 50/125 micron cable and are terminated with multimode optic connectors at both ends. The cable jacket is usually orange.

3. 10gig multimode fiber patch cables

10Gig multimode fibers are specially designed 50/125 micron fiber optimized for 850nm VCSEL laser based 10Gig Ethernet. They are backward compatible with existing network equipment and provide close to three times the bandwidth of traditional 62.5/125 multimode fibers. 10 Gigabit is rated for distances up to 300 meters using 850nm Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL). The cable jacket is usually aqua.

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