The typical construction of an circulator consists of a number of walk-off polarizers, half-wave plates and Faraday rotators. Typically an optical ciruclator has three or four ports.

A variety of circulators are available commercially. They have low insertion loss, high isolation over a wide wavelength range, minimal polarization dependent loss, and low polarization mode dispersion.

The typical insertion loss of an isolator is about 0.6dB, channel isolation is over 40dB, optical return loss is over 50dB and polarization dependent loss is lower than 0.1dB.

The applications of optical ciruclators

In advanced optical communication systems, circulators are used for bi-directional transmissions, WDM networks, fiber amplifier systems, and for optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) measurements.

Optical circulators are essential compoents of optical communication systems. They enable the routing of light from one optical fiber or waveguide to another based upon the direction of light propagation.

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Optical ciruculators extend the basic idea behind an optical isolator and add more functionality to the device. A circulator does not disgard the backward propagating light, as an isolator does, but directs it to another port, thus resulting in a three-port device in the simplest configuration. More ports can be added if one wants to redirect light coming from the third port to a fourth port. Even six ports circulators exist which direct light to different ports in a circular fashion depending on which port light enters.

You may guess that with the increasing of ports, the design becomes increasingly complex. You are absolutely correct on that guess. A second layer of complexity is added for polarization-independent circulators because they must split the incoming light from any port into its orthogonally polarized components and process each component separately.

In general, a circulator requires a large number of parts. The most important component in a polarization independent circulator is the beam displacer. Beam displacer is made from a strongly birefringent medium such that it displaces the orthogonally polarized components spatially by different amounts.

In spite of their complexity, optical circulators are available commercially in a relatively compact size with fiber pigtails on each end. Insertion losses are also very acceptable for such complex devices..
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