Bathrobes are also called dressing gowns. They are typically robes worn after taking a bath or swimming in the pool. Bathrobes are usually worn at home where there is privacy because usually the user is wearing nothing underneath it. They are worn to preserve modesty or to keep the wearer warm whenever there is no urgent need to be fully dressed.

As with dressing gowns, bathrobes are open in the front and are closed with a belt put over the nightgowns when rising from the bed. Men started to wear robes too on a regular basis from the banyan, an 18th century custom as a means of orientalist imitation. A type of cotton kimono called the “Japanese Yukata” is worn as outdoor summer clothing and a bathrobe. There are various types of bathrobes available in the market today. Bathrobes are now categorized into the type of weaving and the type of textile used.

Styles of Bathrobe Fabrics

Bathrobes are made out of different fabrics. These are cotton, wool, microfiber and silk.

Cotton is perhaps the most widely used fabric in the world. It is a natural fiber primarily consists of cellulose. In textile manufacturing, cotton is perhaps the generally used fiber. Due to cellulose polarization, bathrobes made of cotton easily absorb water. Cotton bathrobes are mostly used in the pool, beach or after taking a shower. Bathrobes made of this material are suited in temperate climates since cotton absorbs perspiration.

Wool is a type of material suitable in colder countries. It is thick and could absorb heat well. It is comfortable to wear on winter or spring.

Microfiber is a synthetic material made of polyester or cellulose. It can be woven into different types of clothing in order to substitute for the natural fiber cloth. Modern types of microfibres are enhanced to maximize water absorption and breathe ability. Bathrobes made of microfibre are soft and lightweight just like silk bathrobes. It is usually thin in and much like a strand of hair.

Silk is a type of fabric also commonly used in making bathrobes. It is a lustrous and fine fiber. It is mainly composed of fibroin. Secretions of silk worms or insect larvae forms into an elastic and strong thread produce this so-called fibroin. The cost of producing this material is very expensive thus making silk bathrobes more expensive than the usual cotton bathrobes. Silk robes are lightweight and think like the microfibre robes. This type of robe is not recommended for wet places or environments primarily because the fabric lacks the polarity and surface area needed to absorb water. Silk robes are traditional and a very popular choice in women for it is not worn after showers or baths.

Weave Styles of Bathrobes

There is the flannel, a woven fabric is very soft to touch. It is loosely made from spun yarn usually wool or cotton. Velour is a design with cut loops. Bathrobes made of velour are commonly made with terrycloth inside for the terrycloth absorbs the water faster and more efficiently than velour. This weave style gives bathrobes a luxurious feeling for it makes this garment soft to touch.

Terry is a type of pile fabric commonly woven from cotton. On both sides of the bathrobe, it has uncut loops. The denser and longer the loops are, the spongier the garments are.

Waffle fabric has a distinctive grid-like appearance. A type of waffle called “pique” may be applied in velour, silk, cotton as well as any other fabrics..
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Light loss in fiber cable is a serious issue because it can hamper or completely stop data transmission. With so many communications networks dependent on fiber optic cabling to transmit data, having a way to quickly diagnose problems means repairs can occur much more rapidly leading to less network downtime.

An OTDR works by injecting a series of optical pulses through the fiber which are reflected back to the injection point and measured for deviations or aberrations in the light wave. Based on the measurement of the deviation the trouble spot can usually be precisely located.

Some critics of OTDR systems point out that they can produce inaccurate measurements if two faults are located close to each other. There is also the potential issue of faulty measurements which can sometimes occur if the optical pulse has to travel a great distance. However with the proper training a technician can compensate for these issues and interpret the readings correctly.

All things considered when used correctly an optical technician will find an optical time domain reflectometer to be an invaluable instrument in the daily course of troubleshooting, repairing and maintaining fiber optic networks..
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The typical construction of an circulator consists of a number of walk-off polarizers, half-wave plates and Faraday rotators. Typically an optical ciruclator has three or four ports.

A variety of circulators are available commercially. They have low insertion loss, high isolation over a wide wavelength range, minimal polarization dependent loss, and low polarization mode dispersion.

The typical insertion loss of an isolator is about 0.6dB, channel isolation is over 40dB, optical return loss is over 50dB and polarization dependent loss is lower than 0.1dB.
In advanced optical communication systems, circulators are used for bi-directional transmissions, WDM networks, fiber amplifier systems, and for optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) measurements.

Optical circulators are essential compoents of optical communication systems. They enable the routing of light from one optical fiber or waveguide to another based upon the direction of light propagation.

More information

Optical ciruculators extend the basic idea behind an optical isolator and add more functionality to the device. A circulator does not disgard the backward propagating light, as an isolator does, but directs it to another port, thus resulting in a three-port device in the simplest configuration. More ports can be added if one wants to redirect light coming from the third port to a fourth port. Even six ports circulators exist which direct light to different ports in a circular fashion depending on which port light enters.

You may guess that with the increasing of ports, the design becomes increasingly complex. You are absolutely correct on that guess. A second layer of complexity is added for polarization-independent circulators because they must split the incoming light from any port into its orthogonally polarized components and process each component separately.

In general, a circulator requires a large number of parts. The most important component in a polarization independent circulator is the beam displacer. Beam displacer is made from a strongly birefringent medium such that it displaces the orthogonally polarized components spatially by different amounts.

In spite of their complexity, optical circulators are available commercially in a relatively compact size with fiber pigtails on each end. Insertion losses are also very acceptable for such complex devices.

Optical circulators have found many applications in designing lightwave systems. A example could be a three-port circulator used with a fiber grating to realize a narrowband bandpass filter working in transmission. The circulator coverts the device into a transmission filter for all practical purposes..
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