Patent number 8737778 is assigned to JDS Uniphase Corporation (Milpitas, CA).

The following quote was obtained by the news editors from the background information supplied by the inventors: “Variable Optical Attenuators (VOAs) are common components used in optical communication networks. One common VOA technology is based on an Electro-Static (ES) Micro-Electro-Mechanical (MEMS) chip. The ES-VOA component has an input optical fiber, a lens, a MEMS tilting minor and an output optical fiber. The lens focuses the input light onto the MEMS tilting mirror, and the reflected light is directed towards the output fiber. A voltage is applied to the MEMS chip, the voltage amplitude controls the mirror tilt angle. By varying the voltage and minor tilt angle, the position of the reflected spot on the output fiber is varied. With the output spot aligned to the center of output fiber core, the attenuation is minimum and limited only by the insertion loss (typically .about.0.5 dB). As the output spot of the beam of reflected light is misaligned relative to the output fiber core, the amount of light launched into the output fiber core is reduced (attenuated), and correspondingly more light is launched into the fiber cladding, and a higher level of attenuation is achieved. The maximum attenuation can be 30 dB and higher, mainly limited by the tilt range of the mirror.

“There exist multiple other VOA technologies, each have advantages and disadvantages. Examples include motor-controlled vane attenuator, thermal MEMS-controlled attenuator, Mach-Zehnder attenuators, Electro-Absorption attenuators, liquid-crystal attenuators. The main advantages of the ES-VOA is rapid switching time (<2 ms), compact size (5.56 mm diameter package), low cost, low power dissipation, and high dynamic range (>30 dB). These advantages have made the ES-VOA the most common VOA solution in optical fiber networks applications..
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Worldwide fiber-optic broadband service revenue grew over 15% to $ 46 billion in 2013. Operators such as British Telecom from the UK and VimpelCom from Russia reported that growth in its fiber-optic broadband customers contributed to overall service revenue growth in 2013. “Since revenue from traditional services such as voice and messaging is declining, innovative services and content over high-speed broadband networks are proving essential for operators to maintain overall service revenue growth. ABI Research forecast that the worldwide fiber-optic broadband market will generate $ 100 billion in 2019, “noted Khin Sandi Lynn, industry analyst.

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A power converter is a device that performs the three functions as given below:
1.AC to DC conversion
2.DC to DC conversion
3.Power supply

How a Power Converter Works
Knowing how a power converter works is important. A power converter assembly consists of numerous electronic components that enable power conversion. Computer components work on DC voltage, but electricity home supplies ranges from 100V to 120V in North America, some parts of South America, Japan and Taiwan. For the rest of the world, it spans between 200V to 220V. The power converter unit receives electricity supply from the main source and converts AC voltage into DC voltage of 12V and 5V, respectively. Most computer peripherals utilize this power range.

However, some small computer components require phantom power of 3.3V. To meet this requirement, power unit converts 5V DC to 3.3V DC. Once the specified voltage is generated, it is relayed to specific components through the power rails comprising varying volt capacity. It can be 12V rail or 5 V rails.

Power Converter and High Power Requirements
Power supply function has to mitigate any probability of overheating, particularly for 12V rails. The wattage for a rail is calculated through multiplying volts by amperes. The result of this equation should not exceed maximum resistance capacity for the rail. Most power units relay 18 amperes current on 12V rail. However, graphic cards and central processors have higher power requirements. To meet this requirement, while preventing overheating, multiple 12V rails are used for power relay simultaneously.

Switched-mode power supply (SMPS) method is extensively utilized in power converters to increase efficiency. This method allows high-speed electronic switching by eliminating the use of transformers.

Power Converter: Modular Power Supply (MPS)
While assembling a computer system’s power components, most hardware engineers face a tough time due to multiple power cables. Although cabling runs on color identification system, identifying the correct one is far from easy.
Further, modular power supply systems have evolved to customize the output supply from a power converter. A modular power supply unit has isolated output modules to:
1.match specific power requirements
2.prevent overheating
3.increase air flow
4.reduce fan obstructions due to multiple cables

CyPower is an authorized distributor of reputed power component manufacturers. For accurate and up-to-date information on power converters, visit www.cypower.com..
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